Document Type : Review article
Authors
1
Department of Civil Engineering, The Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology Fifth Settlement, Egypt
2
Petroleum Applications Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI),1 Ahmed El Zomor St. Nasr City
3
Sanitary Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, PO Box 41522,Ismailia, Egypt,
5
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, PO Box 41522,Ismailia, Egypt
10.21608/ijeaid.2025.426990.1013
Abstract
Access to clean and safe water is vital for human health and environmental sustainability. Heavy metal contamination remains a major global concern due to the toxic and persistent nature of these pollutants. Among them, cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are particularly significant because of their prevalence in industrial effluents and their harmful ecological and health impacts. This review summarizes the sources, effects, and treatment strategies for these metals, comparing conventional and emerging technologies. While physicochemical and electrochemical methods such as precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration are effective, they face limitations related to cost, sludge generation, and energy consumption. Adsorption has emerged as a promising alternative owing to its efficiency, simplicity, and adaptability. Recent advances highlight biochar and agricultural waste–derived adsorbents as sustainable, low-cost, and scalable solutions. However, large-scale validation and hybrid system integration remain key research needs. The review underscores the growing potential of biological and adsorption-based methods to advance sustainable and cost-effective water treatment technologies.
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